Upsolver
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  • Welcome to Upsolver
  • Getting Started
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      • Upsolver in 5 minutes
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        • Amazon Athena data output
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        • Introduction to Upsolver
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      • Prerequisites for AWS deployment
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    • Upsolver concepts
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        • How To Re-process Data
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        • What is a dry-run cluster?
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        • SQL syntax reference
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          • Aggregation Functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
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            • MAX_EACH
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            • MIN
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            • MIN_TIME_SERIES
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      • Permissions list
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  • Connecting data sources
    • Amazon AWS data sources
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        • Quick guide: S3 data source
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        • Setup Google Analytics client ID and client secret.
    • Microsoft Azure data sources
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    • Data outputs
      • Amazon AWS data outputs
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          • Quick guide: Athena data output
          • Full guide: Athena data output
          • Output all data source fields to Amazon Athena
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          • Connect Redshift Spectrum to Glue Data Catalog
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          • Upsert data to Snowflake
        • MySQL data output
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        • Microsoft SQL Server data output
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        • Dremio
        • PrestoDB
      • Upsolver data output
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      • Google Storage data output
      • Microsoft Azure Storage data output
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        • Lookup table alias
        • API Playground
        • Serialization of EACH aggregations
      • Kafka data output
    • Data transformation
      • Transform with SQL
        • Mapping data to a desired schema
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      • Create an output
        • Modify an output in SQL
          • Quick guide: SQL data transformation
        • Add calculated fields
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        • Add lookups
          • Add lookups from data sources
          • Add lookups from lookup tables
          • Adding lookups from reference data
        • Output properties
          • General output properties
      • Run an output
      • Edit an output
      • Duplicate an output
      • Stop an output
      • Delete an output
  • Guide for developers
    • Upsolver REST API
      • Create a data source
      • Modify a data source
      • API content formats
    • CI/CD on Upsolver
  • Administration
    • Connections
      • Amazon S3 connection
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      • Amazon S3 over SQS connection
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      • MySQL connection
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    • Clusters
      • Cluster types
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      • Monitoring clusters
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      • Uploading user-provided certificates
    • Python UDF
    • Reference data
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      • Credits
      • Delays In Upsolver pipelines
      • Monitoring reports
        • Monitoring system properties
        • Monitoring metrics
    • Security
      • IAM: Identity and access management
        • Manage users
        • Manage groups
        • Manage policies
      • Git integration
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        • Microsoft Azure AD with SAML sign-on
        • Okta with SAML sign-on
        • OneLogin with SAML sign-on
      • AMI security updates
  • Support
    • Upsolver support portal
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On this page
  • Types of Shards
  • Data Source Shards
  • Output Shards
  • Limitation of shards

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  1. Getting Started
  2. Glossary

Upsolver shards

Adding shards in Upsolver means splitting the workload between multiple tasks that run simultaneously and on different machines within the cluster; this results in lowers latency but also increases CPU usage.

Note that adding shards does not take immediate effect on delayed data. Only data that arrives after the minute when it was changed is affected.

For example, let's say at 12:00 PM we added shards, but the data is delayed by an hour. This means that the data from 11:00 AM is still processing. Once data from 12:00 PM begins being processed, only then do the newly added shards take effect.

Types of Shards

Data Source Shards

Relevant properties

  1. Shards — Defines the number of shards/partitions that the data source will use in the ingestion or reading process.

    Note that this option can only be used in a streaming data source (e.g. Kafka or Kinesis), as it scales up to the number of shards/partitions in the stream (or the number of headers in the data source).

  2. Parallelism Type > EXECUTION PARALLELISM (Manual - Shards) — Defines the number of shards/partitions that the data source will use in the parsing or execution phase. For CSV files, execution parallelism splits the source files by rows (e.g. the first row in each file would be the first shard, the second row would be the second shard, etc). For other file formats (S3, Azure, etc), it splits it based on the files themselves (e.g. the first file in each minute would go to the first shard, the second file to the second shard, etc). If the number of execution parallelism shards is the same as the number of shards from ingestion, then each ingestion shard is matched to an execution parallelism shard.

Output Shards

Relevant properties

  1. Shards — Defines the number of shards/partitions that the output uses in the execution of the output (or in the case of an aggregated output, the building of the smallest part: a minute). If this number is equal to the number of execution parallelism shards in the data source, then each shard in the source is matched to a shard in the output. Otherwise, each shard in the output gets files from all the shards in the data source and splits it by files on its own.

  2. Output Shards — Defines the number of shards that parallelize the aggregation process. If the output is aggregated, then increasing these shards speeds up its formation process. Note that these shards can also be used in lookup tables.

  3. Compaction Shards — Defines the number of shards used to speed up compactions. They are only used in Athena Outputs.

Limitation of shards

Shards are a great way to parallelize processes. However, it's important to remember that it isn't a "free" solution—the more shards you run, the higher the computational load and utilization on your cluster.

As a result, at times you won't see any performance advantages from increasing the number of shards as the CPU is already at peak usage.

In such a case, you should increase the number of instances for that cluster. Although this increases your costs, by distributing the workload, you can avoid being limited by the computation prowess of a single CPU.

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Last updated 2 years ago

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